ls, dir, vdir - list contents of directories
SYNOPSIS
ls [-abcdfgiklmnpqrstuxABCFGLNQRSUX1] [-w cols] [-T cols]
[-I pattern] [--all] [--escape] [--directory] [--inode]
[--kilobytes] [--numeric-uid-gid] [--no-group] [--hide-
control-chars] [--reverse] [--size] [--width=cols] [--tab-
size=cols] [--almost-all] [--ignore-backups] [--classify]
[--file-type] [--full-time] [--ignore=pattern] [--derefer-
ence] [--literal] [--quote-name] [--recursive]
[--sort={none,time,size,extension}] [--for-
mat={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single-column}]
[--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] [--help] [--ver-
sion] [name...]
DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents the GNU version of ls. dir and
vdir are versions of ls with different default output for-
mats. These programs list each given file or directory
name. Directory contents are sorted alphabetically. For
ls, files are by default listed in columns, sorted verti-
cally, if the standard output is a terminal; otherwise
they are listed one per line. For dir, files are by
default listed in columns, sorted vertically. For vdir,
files are by default listed in long format.
OPTIONS
-a, --all
List all files in directories, including all files
that start with `.'.
-b, --escape
Quote nongraphic characters in file names using
alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those
used in C.
-c, --time=ctime, --time=status
Sort directory contents according to the files'
status change time instead of the modification
time. If the long listing format is being used,
print the status change time instead of the modifi-
cation time.
-d, --directory
List directories like other files, rather than
listing their contents.
-f Do not sort directory contents; list them in what-
ever order they are stored on the disk. The same
as enabling -a and -U and disabling -l, -s, and -t.
--full-time
-g Ignored; for Unix compatibility.
-i, --inode
Print the index number of each file to the left of
the file name.
-k, --kilobytes
If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilo-
bytes. This overrides the environment variable
POSIXLY_CORRECT.
-l, --format=long, --format=verbose
In addition to the name of each file, print the
file type, permissions, number of hard links, owner
name, group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the
modification time unless other times are selected).
For files with a time that is more than 6 months
old or more than 1 hour into the future, the times-
tamp contains the year instead of the time of day.
-m, --format=commas
List files horizontally, with as many as will fit
on each line, separated by commas.
-n, --numeric-uid-gid
List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.
-p Append a character to each file name indicating the
file type.
-q, --hide-control-chars
Print question marks instead of nongraphic charac-
ters in file names.
-r, --reverse
Sort directory contents in reverse order.
-s, --size
Print the size of each file in 1K blocks to the
left of the file name. If the environment variable
POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, 512-byte blocks are used
instead.
-t, --sort=time
Sort directory contents by timestamp instead of
alphabetically, with the newest files listed first.
-u, --time=atime, --time=access, --time=use
Sort directory contents according to the files'
last access time instead of the modification time.
If the long listing format is being used, print the
List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.
-A, --almost-all
List all files in directories, except for `.' and
`..'.
-B, --ignore-backups
Do not list files that end with `~', unless they
are given on the command line.
-C, --format=vertical
List files in columns, sorted vertically.
-F, --classify
Append a character to each file name indicating the
file type. For regular files that are executable,
append a `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for
directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs,
`=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files.
-G, --no-group
Inhibit display of group information in a long for-
mat directory listing.
-L, --dereference
List the files linked to by symbolic links instead
of listing the contents of the links.
-N, --literal
Do not quote file names.
-Q, --quote-name
Enclose file names in double quotes and quote non-
graphic characters as in C.
-R, --recursive
List the contents of all directories recursively.
-S, --sort=size
Sort directory contents by file size instead of
alphabetically, with the largest files listed
first.
-U, --sort=none
Do not sort directory contents; list them in what-
ever order they are stored on the disk. This
option is not called -f because the Unix ls -f
option also enables -a and disables -l, -s, and -t.
It seems useless and ugly to group those unrelated
things together in one option. Since this option
doesn't do that, it has a different name.
Sort directory contents alphabetically by file
extension (characters after the last `.'); files
with no extension are sorted first.
-1, --format=single-column
List one file per line.
-w, --width cols
Assume the screen is cols columns wide. The
default is taken from the terminal driver if possi-
ble; otherwise the environment variable COLUMNS is
used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.
-T, --tabsize cols
Assume that each tabstop is cols columns wide. The
default is 8.
-I, --ignore pattern
Do not list files whose names match the shell pat-
tern pattern unless they are given on the command
line. As in the shell, an initial `.' in a file-
name does not match a wildcard at the start of pat-
tern.
--help Print a usage message on standard output and exit
successfully.
--version
Print version information on standard output then
exit successfully.
BUGS
On BSD systems, the -s option reports sizes that are half
the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-
UX systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are
twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted
from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also
affects the HP-UX ls program.
Release 1.1d7 of the Be OS
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